BS 434-1:1984 download free.Bitumen road emulsions (anionic and cationic) Part 1: Specification for bitumen road emulsions.
1 Scope
This Part of BS 434 specifies requirements for anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions used for the preparation and treatment of road and other surfaces carrying wheeled and foot traffic.
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 434, the following definitions apply.
2.1
bitumen
a viscous liquid or a solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, that is soluble in carbon disulphide’ it is substantially nonvolatile and softens gradually when heated. It is black or brown in colour and possesses water-proofing and adhesive properties. It is obtained by refinery processes from petroleum and is also found as a natural deposit or as a component of naturally occurring asphalt in which it is associated with mineral matter
2.2
bitumen road emulsion
a liquid product in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium by means of one or more suitable emulsifying agents. There are two types, anionic and cationic
2.3
anionic emulsion
an emulsion in which the anion of the emulsifier is at the interface with the bitumen particle that is negatively charged and in which the aqueous phase is normally alkaline
2.4
cationic emulsion
an emulsion in which the cation of the emulsifier is at the interface with the bitumen particle that is positively charged and in which the aqueous phase is normally acid
2.5
binder content (including emulsifier)
the difference between 100 % and the percentage water content determined in accordance with appendix F
3 Classification of road emulsions
3.1 Anionic road emulsions. Anionic road emulsions shall be classified in order of stability as follows.
a) Class Al: labile. An emulsion characterized by rapid breakdown on application and normally unsuitable for mixing with aggregate; used cold.
b) Class A2: semi-stable. An emulsion with sufficient stability to permit mixing with certain grades of aggregate before breakdown occurs; used cold.
c) Class A3: stable. An emulsion with sufficient mechanical and chemical stability for all purposes involving mixing with aggregates including those containing large proportions of fines or chemically active materials such as cement or hydrated lime: used cold.
d) Class A4: slurry seal. An emulsion formulated for the slurry seal process: used cold.
NOTE Additives may be used at the time of laying if required to adjust the setting time or viscosity of the mix.
This class shall be subdivided as follows.
1) Class A4. slow setting. Suitable for mixing in simple mixers for hand laying, in bulk transit concrete mixers or mobile mixing machines.
2) Class A4. rapid setting. Suitable for handling in special mobile mixing machines only.
NOTE 1 Classes Al and A2 are subdivided according to their nominal binder contents (see Table 1).
NOTE 2 Due to the wide variation in chemical activity and physical structure of aggregates from different sources, not all are suitable for the slurry seal process. It is necessary. therefore. to test each aggregate in the laboratory with class A4 emulsion and to subject the mixes with class A4 emulsion to the track abrasion test in accordance with appendix A of Part 2:1984 of BS 434-1. The loss in mass of the specimen after abrasion should not exceed 500 gIm2.
3.2 Cationic road emulsions. Cationic road emulsions shall be classified in order of stability as follows.
a) Class Ki: rapid acting. An emulsion characterized by rapid deposition of binder on contact with road surfaces and aggregates followed by early resistance to rain. Unsuitable for mixing with aggregates; class K 1-70 grades used hot, other grades cold.
b) Class K2.’ medium acting. An emulsion in which the rate of deposition of binder is sufficiently delayed to permit mixing with certain clean coarse aggregates before breaking to form a continuous adhesive film without stripping: used cold.
c) Class K3: slow acting. An emulsion in which the rate of deposition of binder is sufficiently delayed to permit mixing with certain fine aggregates before breaking to form a continuous adhesive film without stripping; used cold.
Cationic slurry seal emulsions are included in class K3 and are suitable for handling in special mobile mixing machines only.
NOTE 1 Class Ki is subdivided according to its nominal bindei content (see Table 2).
NOTE 2 Due to the wide variation in chemical activity and physical structure of aggregates from different sources, not all are suitable for the slurry seal process. It is necessary, therefore to test each aggregate in the laboratory with class K3 emulsion and to subject the mixes with class K3 emulsion to the track abrasion test in accordance with appendix A of Part 2:1984 of thi standard. The loss in mass of the specimen after abrasion shoulc not exceed 500 g/m2.
4 Composition
4.1 General. Road emulsions shall contain bitumen, modified if necessary as specified in 4.2, emulsifying agents and water. Small amounts of surfactants and additives shall he permitted to modifv performance, as in slurry seal and other emulsions for special purposes.
4.2 Bitumen. The bitumen used for the manufacture of the emulsion shall comply with BS 3690 and shall be selected from the range grade 70 penetration to grade 300 penetration, as defined therein.
NOTE 1 The bitumen may be modified by the addition of fluxing agents ranging from light volatile distillates to heavy oils the amount of fluxing agent used normally being not more than 5 % by mass of the bitumen for anionic emulsion and 10 % for cationic emulsion, or as agreed between the purchaser and th manufacturer of the emulsion.
NOTE 2 If required by the purchaser, the supplier should provide a typical sample of the penetration bitumen used as th basic ingredient of the emulsion andlor should disclose the nominal viscosity of the bitumen/flux mixture used. NOTE 3 Attention is drawn to the fact that bitumen originall3 complying with BS 3690 may not give the same test results on analysis after extraction from the emulsion.
4.3 Toxicity. Any drainings, washings or the like, passing from the work into streams, ponds, rivers, etc., shall not, after dilution by these waters, have any toxic effect upon plant, animal or fish life.
5 Particle charge
When tested in accordance with appendix C, anionic emulsion shall deposit on the anode, indicating that the particles have a negative charge and cationic emulsions shall deposit on the cathode, indicating that the particles have a positive charge.
NOTE The character and amount of deposit will depend on the class of emulsion under test.
6 Properties of emulsions
After sampling in accordance with appendix A, emulsions shall be tested in accordance with appendices B to J. The properties of anionic road emulsions shall be as given in Table 1 and the properties of cationic road emulsions shall be as given in Table 2.
7 Containers and marking
7.1 Containers. No corrosion or attack shall occur between the emulsion and the container or bung and the emulsion shall not be adversely affected by the container or bung.
NOTE The use of light metals or their alloys may lead to the evolution of hydrogen and the subsequent explosion of the container,
7.2 Marking. Containers shall be legibly labelled with the following minimum information:
a) the name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier of emulsion;
b) the date of filling:
c) the number of BS 434-1,
i.e. BS 434/1:19842);
d) the class of emulsion and nominal binder
content (see Table 1 and Table 2);
e) the mass of contents in kilograms or volume in litres;
0 the word “Anionic” or “Cationic” on the head of the container which shall be coloured black for Anionic and green for Cationic;
g) the instructions to roll the drums before use, particularly in the case of 40 % binder content emulsions;
h) an instruction to protect from frost.
Documents relative to bulk deliveries shall provide similar relevant information.